gonadotropic

Other etiological diagnosis of our XY DSD patients included hypo gonadotropic hypogonadism (7.9%), primary hypogonadism (7.3%), 5 alpha reductase deficiency (2.6%), partial gonadal dysgenesis (16.6%), isolated micro penis (12%) which is similar to studies by Atta et al and Erdogan et al18,21.

The gonadotropic hormones are released from the pituitary in fish and control the annual cycle of gonadal growth, ovulation in females, sperm release in males, and production of sex steroids in both sexes [24,71].

Thus, it is essential to add gonadotropic hormones to the culture media, so as to provide conditions favouring the proliferation and differentiation of germ cells and ensuring success in obtaining functional sperm (MURTA et al., 2013).

In the present exposed mouse model, the observed behavioral alterations were not due to changes at the level of the gonadotropic axis.

Consequently, ob/ob mice have a lower release of gonadotropic hormones (follicle stimulating hormone--FSH and luteinizing hormone--LH), which causes a deficit in testosterone levels in the animals (Hoffmann et al., 2016).

The date phytochemicals genistein (Roberts, Veeramachaneni, Schlaff, & Awoniyi, 2000; Eustache et al., 2009), vitamin A (Bartlett, Weinbauer, & Nieschlag, 1989) and selenium (Jana et al., 2008) have all been reported to protect testicular functions against various stress and possess gonadotropic activity, and the presence of these compounds may have contributed to the observed ameliorating effects recorded here in.

At the anterior pituitary, LHRH stimulates the production and secretion of FSH and LH from gonadotropic cells into the general circulation.

Puberty and especially pubertal growth spurt are triggered by an interaction of gonadotropic (GnRH-LH/FSH-sex steroid) and somatotropic (GH-IGF-1) hormone axes [23].

LH is a gonadotropic hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary gland [96].

GnRH activates the pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropic hormones that lead to an increase in LH and FSH levels [21].

Aubert, "Chronic blockade of the melanocortin 4 receptor subtype leads to obesity independently of neuropeptide Y action, with no adverse effects on the gonadotropic and somatotropic axes," Endocrinology, vol.

An alternative management for secondary testicular failure had been validated by 1990: injecting "replacement" gonadotropic hormones was proved to restore testicular function.

Menstruation is thought to be induced by a large increase in luteinizing hormone and other gonadotropic hormones.

In the pathophysiology of PCOS, the pulsatile release of gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH) is disturbed, and this has a negative impact on the follicle development in ovaries.