Swimming and
ammonia toxicity in salmonids: The effect of sub lethal ammonia exposure on the swimming performance of coho salmon and the acute toxicity of ammonia in swimming and resting rainbow trout.
The second objective of this study was to determine whether NH4Cl could pose risk of
ammonia toxicity under the conditions of the present study.
The assessments of sub-lethal
ammonia toxicity effects are important in terms of fish health as environmental endpoints.
Therefore, the theory of
ammonia toxicity alone cannot well explain the pathogenesis of HE, and it should be along with other hypotheses such as inflammatory response, oxidation, and nitrification stress, amino acid metabolism imbalance, neurotransmitter imbalance, and manganese toxicity.
Similar pH levels with different stocking density helped in keeping the
ammonia toxicity at low levels.
Nitrogenous excretion and defense against
ammonia toxicity. In: VAL, A.; ALMEIDA-VAL, V.; RANDALL, D.
NPN is often used in the production of animal feed, but at high levels can cause depression in growth and
ammonia toxicity.
Quantitative assessment of aerial
ammonia toxicity to the nasal mucosa by use of the nasal lavage method in pigs, American Journal of Veterinary Research, Vol.55, No.3, pp.64-77, ISSN 133501340