By using techniques like cascade configurations, incidence at grazing angles or excitation coupled Bragg modes within the LC film, the device can be configured for high transmission flat-top narrow pass-band filters, steep amplitude modulators or broadband pure phase modulators.
The source can be easily modulated using either the source output leveling loop or a broadband amplitude modulator. The demodulators can be the broadband diode detectors commonly used in scalar network analysis.