0 0 Salamandridae 1 1 0,1 1 0 1 Amphiumidae 1 1 0 ?
Collecting ducts that anastomose before interacting with the cloaca or Wolffian ducts (character 2, state 1) either evolved twice on the branches leading to the Ambystomatidae + Dicamptodontidae + Salamandridae and Amphiumidae + Plethodontidae, or once on the branch leading to the Ambystomatidae + Dicamptodontidae + Salamandridae + Rhyacotritonidae + Amphiumidae + Plethodontidae with a reversal on the branch leading to the Rhyacotritonidae.
A Bidder's duct is lost on the branch leading to the Amphiumidae + Plethodontidae + Rhyacotritonidae.
Gardner JD: The fossil salamander Proamphiuma cretacea Estes (Caudata;
Amphiumidae) and relationships within the
Amphiumidae.
A fusion of dt 3 and dt 4 (dt 3 + 4, table 3) is present in the proteid Necturus, and an amalgamation of f and i (f + i, table 3) is the standard pattern for the Proteidae (Schaeffer 1941),
Amphiumidae (Rabl 1910), and several plethodontid genera with miniaturized limbs (Wake and Elias 1983; Hanken 1985).
Sperm storage in spermathecase of the great lamper eel, Amphiuma tridactylum (Caudata:
Amphiumidae).