aetiology

There are many possible aetiologies of a first seizure attack in children, including infection, neurologic/ developmental causes, traumatic head injury, toxins, and metabolic disturbances.

In one study where cases of lower eyelid retraction secondary to a variety of aetiologies are treated with Restylane, Goldberg et al uses a feathered layered approach to inject ~0.9ml of filler in the area of the orbital septum and orbitomalar ligament suborbicularis.

As there are no specific comprehensive instruments available to assess the aetiologies associated with delirium, we specifically constructed a list of putative aetiological factors to take note of.

In patient with renal and hepatic failure, high-dose steroid therapy should be promptly administered after the exclusion of other more common aetiologies of liver necrosis.

The current classification of choledochal cysts, according to Todani, describes a heterogeneous group of conditions with separate aetiologies and different malignant potential.

Definitions, demographics, aetiologies, signs and symptoms, complications and treatments are presented.

Several antigen-based rapid diagnostic assays are available, including immunofluorescence and ELISA assays, but nucleic acid amplification tests such as the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) offer a broad range of diagnostic capabilities where multiple aetiologies can be detected.

Nurses in a wide variety of settings are expected to assess and manage wounds of various aetiologies (surgical, trauma, chronic and malignant).

A single aetiological agent was detected in 672 cases (77.4%), while multiple aetiologies were detected in 108 (12.4%).

Infectious aetiologies were excluded: PCR for enterovirus (coxsackie) herpes, and mycoplasma were negative.

Innumerable failed investigations have tested children with encephalopathy for viral aetiology of encephalitis--this has not been wasteful but distracts investigators from other possible explanations and aetiologies. Thus, the mystery of undiagnosed outbreaks persists (6,7).

Table 2 shows the frequency distribution for the aetiologies of CAP in the three age groups.

Among the various aetiologies majority of cases were meconium aspiration syndrome 78 cases (31.2%) followed by hyaline membrane disease 65 cases (26%).

Metabolic 27(36.5%) and inflammatory 19(25.6%) disorders were the most common aetiologies. At presentation 29(39.1%) patients had cirrhosis; and 25(34%) children were <5 years of age.

In particular, care should be given to consideration of antibiotic choices for the various infectious diseases and their likely aetiologies. The editors acknowledge this in their preface.